Genes, Heredity, And Genetic Variation Among Living Organisms

Genetics is a field of biology, which concentrates specifically on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation among living organisms. The use of genetic knowledge can be traced to early civilizations when people examined and altered genetic information to advance the efficiency of domesticated species of plants and animals. Some of the plants, such as corn, wheat and rice, were genetically modified not only to increase the production of crops, but to also be resilient against diseases and pest, while at the same time still producing a nutritious and healthy harvest. About one hundred and fifty years ago, Gregor Mendel observed heredity through his experimental work on the production of pea stocks. Mendel came up with groundbreaking conclusions over eight years and with the use of twenty eight thousand pea plants as he discovered dominant and recessive genes to be the major building blocks of heredity while incorporating mathematics to identify patterns in his experiment (Wil son, Avery, Ford, Hancock, Read, Stephens, and Young, 2007). Mendel carried out monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and was able to obtain offspring in certain ratios that allowed the establishment of the laws of inheritance. In the first part of this laboratory experiment, both a monohybrid and a dihybrid ear of corn were used to examine different phenotypic features such as shape and color. The experiment was conducted to investigate the Mendelian genetics and observe the different phenotypicShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Germplasm On Plants And Tissue That Helps Maintain The Breeding And Conservation Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pages It is a living tissue that grows into a new plant (3). National Plant Germplasm System global food is an availability and security for the agricultural production. The importance of germplasms is to produce plants for food, fibers, animal feeds, industrial and medicinal purposes, and for landscape and ornamental uses (4). With the increasing knowledge, ma ny farmers are learning how to plant breeders, increase crop yields, and enhance quality. Plants carry DNA, which is primary genetic informationRead MoreDna, Gene Expression, And Basic Patterns Of Heredity881 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This unit will focus on DNA, gene expression, and basic patterns of heredity. The main objective of this unit is to provide opportunities for students to learn general concepts that are associated with genetics and to create a better understanding of inheritance and its’ relationship to genetic diseases. According to standards set by the Next Generation Science Standards which are endorsed by the National Science Teachers Association, students should be able to analyze and interpretRead MoreWhy Should We Learn About It?849 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE Introduction There are many issues today involving genetics and inheritances; therefore, I want to introduce this subject to students and allow them the opportunity to learn about it. Before students begin this genetics heredity unit they should have a basic understanding of DNA, cellular reproduction, and the process of mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, this unit will contain activities that require students to expound upon critical and higher order thinking skills; I believeRead MoreBiology 1A Study Guide [SJSU] Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesTree of Life †¢ What are the five fundamental characteristics of all living organisms? - Energy - all organisms acquire and use energy - Cells - made up of membrane-bound cells - Information - process heredity info. encoded in genes as well as info. from environment - Replication - all are capable of reproduction - Evolution - populations of organisms are continuing to evolve †¢ What is the cell theory? - All organisms are made of cells (pattern), and - All cells come from pre-existingRead MoreShould We Learn About It?852 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are many issues today involving genetics and inheritances; therefore, I want to introduce this subject to students and allow them the opportunity to learn about it. Before students begin this genetics unit they should have a basic understanding of DNA, cellular reproduction, and the process of mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, this unit will contain activities that require students to employ critical and higher order thinking skills; I believe these skills can prepare studentsRead MoreHow Hereditary And Environment Has Affected The People Around Me1457 Words   |  6 PagesThis environment has composition of several aspects and these aspects are cordially interdependent with environment and heredity, as well as this is coming from the evolution eras and the concept of heredity is the basic model of this effective and eminent source of heredity in chronological order. . Although hereditary environment has always been a deciding factor in determining our future, yet majority of us hardly even bothered to look over these factors. In this assignment I am trying toRead MoreCharles Darwin : The Father Of Evolution Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesexplaining how species became what we see now. The theory of evolution is the change in characteristics of species from generation to generation. Through evolution, the earth gains biodiversity; species begin, change, or die. Using both fossils and living species, scientists are able to reconstruct a biological tree, grouping similar species together to trace their way back to the last common ancestor. Through this we can better picture earth’s timeline, and the story of life from the beginning untilRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1294 Words   |  6 PagesIs homosexuality genetic? This a common question asked among society today. While some people argue that homosexuality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combinati on with an organism s environment and experiences that influence development and behavior of the organism, often stated to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a main principleRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1707 Words   |  7 PagesIs homosexuality genetic? This a common question asked among society today. While some people argue that homosexuality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combination with an organism s environment and experiences that influence development and behavior of the organism, often stated to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a main principleRead MoreGene Therapy And Human Genetic Engineering1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on humans as biological organisms. Biological anthropologist conduct research, and form techniques of modern molecular biology to learn about human variation and how it relates to different environment humans lived in as well as their conditions. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. biological Anthropology looks at how biological traits from one generation to the next get passed along. The article describes gene therapy and human genetic engineering as an evolution

A Report On The Zimbabwean Economy Essay - 1753 Words

INTRODUCTION The Zimbabwean economy is nose diving and experiencing huge cash shortages of the currency in circulation ,this is being seen as the banks are now rationing the payments, giving each individual about $100 per day and sometimes less or no cash , also money is now not easily accessible from mobile bankers like eco-cash, telecash and one wallet, this is being caused by the imports which are outweighing the exports and among these imports there is the importation of second hand cars which is seen to have dominated the imports of Zimbabwe. In 2013 between January and November the Zimbabweans imported about 206 519 cars worth over $606 million (ZIMSTATS,The Herald 23 April 2014).Thus the importation of second hand vehicles is worsening the trade deficit that is already unfavorable as in 2013 the budget deficit stood at $3billion(ZIMSTAT). Willowvale Mazda Motor Industry’s production slumped from 18 000 vehicles per year in 1997 to below 4 000 vehicles and stopped producing in 2012 (Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015),this was mainly due to the importation of second hand vehicles by the Zimbabweans as they were less costly and complied with their budgets, the other players such as Quest motors and Croco motors in the automobile sector are being affected in the same manner leading to unemployment due to low capacity utilization in these companies as the demand new vehicles was estimated to be 25 000(Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015). The imports of second handShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Credit Risk Management Tools Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is a microfinance institution cannot engage into other activities done by the bank such as underwriting of securities and foreign trade operations among others . 1.1 Background of the Study Since the adoption of the multi-currency regime, Zimbabwean financial institutions have increasingly been facing challenges associated with credit risk in their operations. Taking a look at the pre-dollarization era, for instance in the year 2003, there were over 1600 registered microfinance institutionsRead MoreThe Surge of Faith Based Organizations in Postcolonial Zimbabwe 1378 Words   |  6 Pages1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY There has been a surge of Faith Based Organisations in Postcolonial Zimbabwe. FBOs have contributed positively to the Zimbabwean society although they have been over looked and little study has been done concerning these organisations, only secular organisations have been well studied and thus unfair on the part of FBOs. FBOs are hinged on a religious backbone in the work that it is involved in unlike Non Governmental Organisations which have no religious attachment toRead MoreColonial And Present Day History Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pagesbegan in the late 19th century by the British. In 1881, Cecil Rhodes and his mining company, British South African Company, arrived in the western Zimbabwe region known as the Matabeleland. The initial intent of Rhodes was to mine the region due to reports of gold, however further British interest in the region arose. The main ideal of Rhodes thereafter included to rid to region of remaining Portuguese influence and promote and formalize British colonialization and economic gains in southern AfricaRead MoreWas Dollarization a Success in Zimbabwe?2089 Words   |  9 Pagesdollar. Although this quickly deteriorated, it was not until the late nineties that a series of events led to the demise of the Zimbabwean dollar. In 2008 in an 18-month ‘experiment’, foreign currency was accepted as legal tender for transactions with a set number of retailers. â€Å"Honorable Members will be aware that in the hyper-inflationary environment characterizing the economy at present, our people are now using multiple currencies for day to day business transactions, alongside the Zimbabwe dollarRead MoreThe Impact Of Demonetization On Indian Economy1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe present paper focuses on studying the impact of demonetization on Indian Economy. This wok concentrates on highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the move by the government . This paper tries to explore the negative and positive aspects of recent demonetization of Indian Economy. The reader of this paper would be getting the knowledge about the pros, cons and consequences of demonetization of Indian economy. KEYWORDS: Demonetization, circulation, Re-monetization, counterfeiting, legalRead MoreEssay On Tax Compliance In Zimbabwe917 Words   |  4 Pageswere not legal said Chikumbu (2014). Since 2000 the Zimbabwean economy has been facing challenges. Some of these challenges have remained chronic such as the liquidity crunch and the continuous closure of companies. This has persisted into the multi-currency regime era which began in 2009. Mangudhla and Mambo (2013:2) reported that a July 2013 National Social Security Authority (Nssa) Harare Regional Employer Closures and Registrations Report for the period July 2011 to July 2013 showed 711 companiesRead MoreBlack Economic Empowerment and Corporate Governance in Zimbabwe2764 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Indigenous Zimbabwean as defined in the National indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act refers to anyone who, before independence in April 1980, was subjected to unfair discrimination [presumably in Zimbabwe] on the grounds of their race, and includes a descendant of such a person. Thus indigenous Zimbabwean means any person who before 18 April 1980, was disadvantaged by unfair discrimination on the grounds of his or her race , and any descendant of such person, and includesRead MoreEconomic Decline Of The Zimbabwean Economy Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I wish to evaluate the economic decline of the Zimbabwean economy as the result of IMF to be specifically from 1990 to 2000. I have based this paper on the research by Asad Ismi, Impoverishing a Continent: The World Bank and the IMF. I will focus much on what the IMF did to Zimbabwe whether Zimbabwe was really made to recover from the crisis or it was actually worsened. Many developing nations are in debt and poverty partly due to the policies of international institutions such asRead MoreHyperinflation in Zimbabwe1472 Words   |  6 Pagesentire decade by both deep recession and high inflation, but in recent months the economy seems to have abandoned whatever moorings it had left† (Wines, 2006). This state of hyperinflation has caused the prices to soar to higher levels than ever making it harder for the citizens of the country to be able to consume necessary goods such as milk, bread, toilet paper. This report strives to aim towards the Zimbabwean government, taking a look at the way they have chosen to respond to this constantlyRead MoreThe Political Economy of the Media in Zimbabwe1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Political Economy of the media in Zimbabwe The political economy of the media in Zimbabwe is mostly centered on the hands of the government. The government has control over major media players like the public media which include print and broadcasting media. Through its control of the public media it has greatly impede freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of information and freedom of opinion in the media. However, the government has manage to give some private players room to

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image Free Essays

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image Introduction Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by a large share of a certain group of people. Whereas attributes like attractiveness, extraordinary lifestyle or special skills are just examples and specific common characteristics that are observed and celebrities generally differ from the social norm and enjoy a high degree of public awareness. The term Celebrity refers to an individual who is known to the public actors e. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. (Nana Ama Mac Brown sports figure e. . Michael Essien, entertainer e. g. Sarkodie e. g. ) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed (Friedman and Friedman,1979). or having wider influence in public life and societal domain. Attributes like charisma, extraordinary life style or special skills, larger than life image and demigod status can be associated with them. It is safe to infer that within a corresponding social group celebrities generally differ from the social norm and enjoy high degree of public awareness. While Endorsement, is a channel of brand communication in which a celebrity acts as the brand’s spokesperson and certifies the brand’s claim and position by extending his/her personality, popularity, stature in the society or expertise in the field to the brand. In a market with a very high proliferation of local, regional and international brands, celebrity endorsement was thought to provide a distinct differentiation (Martin Roll, 2006). McCracken (1989) defined a celebrity endorser as, â€Å"any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (marketing communications), is useful, because when celebrities are depicted in, marketing communications they bring their own culturally related meanings, irrespective of the required promotional role. McCracken’s (1989) view also suggests that a symbolic â€Å"match† should exist between the celebrity image and the brand image in order for the celebrity endorsement to be effective. † Consumers with strong self-enhancement goals tend to form self-brand connections to brands used by aspiration groups, that is, groups for which the consumer wishes to become a member (Escalas and Bettman 2003). On the other hand, self-enhancers will be more likely to reject brand associations created by a celebrity endorsement where the celebrity associations are rejected (i. . , a non-aspirational celebrity), compared to consumers who do not have active selfenhancement goals. Ohanian (1991) supports this definition but further stresses that for endorsement to be truly effective, celebrities chosen as endorsers should be Knowledgeable, experienced and qualified in order to be perceived as an expert in the category. Two models were originally identified to explain the process of cel ebrity endorsement. As an endorser, one has to fulfill all the FRED objectives (Rajesh Lalwani, 2006), namely, Familiarity (target market is aware of him, finds him friendly, likeable and trustworthy); Relevance (which says that there should be a link between the endorser and the product as well between the endorser and the audience); Esteem (credibility to the mass); Differentiation (in all his projections, he is seen to be one among the masses, and yet he towers above them. He is different). The use of celebrity endorsement advertising has become an ever-present feature in modern advertising. These days, it’s nearly impracticable to surf the Internet, open a newspaper or magazine, or watch television without seeing a celebrity selling something, whether it’s cars, phones, medications, cosmetics, jewellery, clothing or even mutual funds and sports apparel. However, the use of celebrity in advertising is not a new phenomenon in Ghana in relation to advertisement; it has been around for several years. Certain persons in the past recognized celebrity endorsement and understood the importance of linking celebrities to brands, even before this was recognized as an important marketing communications tool e. g. To promote his fashion clothing house La Maison Worth, he sought a high society lady and an influencer of the court fashions, Princess Von Metternich, wife of the then Austria’s ambassador to France and close friend of Napoleon’s wife Empress Eugenie. This celebrity’s patronage and connection with La Maison Worth, contributed immensely to the success and status of this couture house, as the most influential in the world at its time. Since then, there has been an intricate relationship to people’s identity in such a way in that celebrities are often viewed as a useful endorsement in transferring and communicating the meanings and symbols of a brand image to the general public. Nowadays Companies invest large sums of money to align their brands and themselves with endorsers. Such endorsers are seen as dynamic with both attractive and likeable qualities (Atkin and Block, 1983), and company’s plan that these qualities are transferred to products via marcom activities (Langmeyer Walker, 1991a, McCracken, 1989). Furthermore, because of their fame, celebrities serve not only to create and maintain attention but also to achieve high recall rates for marcom messages in today’s highly cluttered environments (Croft et al, 1996, Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Some brands can reject celebrity endorsement outright and emerge in a better off position than their rivals. The celebrity’s role is the most explicit and profound in incarnating user associations among the above mentioned points. To understand this, it can be analyze by the multiplier effect formula for a successful brand: S=P * D * AV Where S is a Successful Brand P is an Effective Product D is Distinctive Identity AV is Added Values Celebrity endorsements cannot replace the comprehensive brand building processes. As Branding evolves as a discipline companies must be extra cautious to utilize every possible channel of communication rather than just a celebrity endorsement. This therefore could be said that when all other steps in the branding process is followed and implemented, then channels such as celebrity endorsements can provide the cutting edge as it did for Nike and Accenture endorsement romance with Tiger woods until the resent scandal when Accenture redrew its endorsement. What Nike and Accenture did was to use celebrity endorsement as one of the main channels of communicating their brands to a highly focused set of customers. So, Accenture and Nike’s association with Tiger Woods was one of the parts of an ntire branding process that they have been practicing consistently. There are several thousands of examples of celebrity endorsements, majority of these were mostly very expensive e. g. Italian luxury brand Versace has used music icon Madonna and Hollywood stars Demi Moore and Halle Berry in its print adverts between 2005 and 2006. Also West Africa’s communication giant Glo telecommunication uses most musical sensations such a s Samini, Sarkodie, and Asem and other movie stars such as Nadia Buari etc. as the celebrities to endorse their services. Businesses organizations have long sought to distract and attract the attention of potential customers that live in a world of ever-increasing commercial bombardment. Everyday consumers are exposed to thousands of voices and images in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards, websites, radio and television. It has been estimated that about 20% of U. S. ads feature celebrities (Solomon 2009), and the percent of advertisement using celebrities in other countries, such as Japan, is thought to be even higher. Specific Objectives of the research Objective of this study is to reveal and re-establish the positive impact of celebrity endorsement on brand image and find out the most prominent factors this play in the key role in the success of an endorsement. To explore the link between brands and the consumer psyche and to identify how a model which can help any brand to identify the critical key areas to concentrate on while going for any celebrity endorsement. Furthermore, the objective of the research is to understand the impact of these celebrity endorsed advertisements, on the evaluation of product after purchase How to cite Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image, Essay examples